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Video: What were the dachas under the tsar: How the estate differed from the estate, how the nobles had estates and other facts
2024 Author: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-15 23:55
New manor traditions - the traditions of suburban life - are now beginning to take shape anew, what recently claimed the modest name "dacha" now often swings to the laurels of estates of past cultural eras. Noble idleness against the background of provincial life, as in the paintings of artists of the 19th century and in the works of Ostrovsky and Chekhov. But what was the evolution of these landholdings - from the moment of their inception to the transformation - albeit a very small number - into museums-estates.
Fiefdoms
The land began to be divided ever since the ancient Russian state was formed. Starting from the 9th century, the real estate was owned by the princes, and besides them - by the warriors of the princes and a little later - by the boyars. Some time later, the church joined the division of the land: bishops and monasteries received separate possessions. This form of land ownership, which also implied the rights to the peasants living there, was called "", or "fatherland". The word goes back to the concept of "father", since the right that bore this name assumed the transfer - primarily by inheritance, from father to son.
At the same time, the estates could be split up, divided between several sons of the previous owner. The feudal lord - namely, he was the owner of such land - managed his property at his own discretion, and also collected taxes from the peasants living on his territory, administered the court. By the 13th century, estates were the main form of land ownership. Often they did not represent a single territory, the rich boyars could have several estates in different parts of the state, and such plots of land were not united into any common economy.
With the formation of the Moscow principality and the centralization of power, the status of patrimonial lands and their owners began to change. The rights of feudal lords were limited, including, for example, the right to judge on the territory of their fiefdom. There was another form of land right -. It was also transmitted not in the same way as the patrimony.
Estates and landlords
The main difference of the estate was that the land was issued on condition that the owner was in military or government service. For a long time it was impossible to inherit and inherit the estate - only to own and use the land for life. That is, in fact, in this way the state paid its nobles - something like a "blood tax" was levied - and provided a material opportunity to serve. Lands were issued as a form of reward for service and as a means to fulfill their duties towards the sovereign.
When, at the end of the 15th century, Tsar Ivan III, a collector of Russian lands around Moscow, took away the patrimonies from the boyars - in the Novgorod, in the Pskov Republic, in the Tver principality - in return he gave estates, while receiving replenishment in the armed forces or sending the newly made landowner to another service … By the end of the 16th century, the estates could already be left as an inheritance to a son, provided that he undertakes to carry out public service, as his deceased father, the former owner, once did. And if the landowner died, leaving a widow and unmarried daughters, then some "subsistence" estate was due to them - of course, in this case, no one was called into the service.
In special cases, the status of local possessions was allowed to change, then they became fiefdoms, for example, Tsar Mikhail Romanov did this - he awarded fiefdoms to those who distinguished themselves in the defense of Moscow from the troops of False Dmitry II during the Time of Troubles. Gradually, the differences between estates and estates were erased. In 1714, according to the Peter's Decree on single inheritance, these two forms of land ownership were merged into one. The real estate was now called "". The estates became indivisible, they could not be alienated - except in individual cases, and, since the land and peasants were inherited by one son, the rest of the brothers were forced to turn to public service.
Estates and estates
And Peter III in 1762 adopted and signed a manifesto on the liberty of the nobility, which freed this estate from compulsory service - civil or military: none of the Russian nobles, it said in this document, would involuntarily continue to serve.
It was then that estates began to appear in the form in which we are used to presenting them from the works of the classics. True, for example, in the novel "Eugene Onegin" the word "" is never used, and Lensky is called the "landowner" in the old fashioned way. Gogol also did not mention the estate in his writings, despite the fact that the reader will recognize it when describing the estates of Sobakevich, Korobochka and other characters.
This word, however, appeared in the 15th century; it came from the verbs “to plant”, “to plant”, in parallel the term “home” was used. The Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility contributed to the development of manor construction. Now yesterday's landlords could settle in their estates, build a house that would be inherited by the heir, and establish a peasant economy. The end of the 18th century and the next century were the time when the noblemen were "seated" in their rural estates.
The estate usually included a manor house, a complex of residential and outbuildings. They built stables, outhouses, housing for servants. Usually a park was developed, and there was a greenhouse in it, and a church was often erected. Estates appeared not only in the provinces, but also in cities. In Moscow, they were a common phenomenon, but in St. Petersburg there were much fewer estates.
Turgenev called such estates the nests of the nobility. Many of them became centers of cultural life in the century before last. But most of the estates were destined for a sad end. By the beginning of the 21st century, most of these estates were in ruins.
Farmsteads could also become a place for the revival of forgotten crafts: for example the patron of the arts Savva Mamontov made unique Russian majolica in Abramtsevo.
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